Marine Biodiversity A Global Pattern Essay - 1461 Words

Marine biodiversity Definition: Marine biodiversity refers to the species richness and abundance of genes, species and habitats in the world s oceans and seas. And since the world is covered with approximately 70% water the amount of life in the oceans is enormous. According to the definition of the Convention on Biological Diversity, biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Why Marine Biodiversity Is a global pattern: Biodiversity is essential for the benefits the ecosystems can provide to humans. Biodiversity effects a larger number of plant species meaning a greater variety of crops, greater species diversity and ensuring natural sustainability for all life forms, food, medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs, wood products, ornamental plants, breeding stocks, population reservoirs, future resources, diversity in genes, species. biological diversity is the resource upon which families, communities, nations and future generations depend. But we are currently using 25% more natural resources than the planet can sustain As a result species, habitats and local communities are under pressure or direct threats and if we continue to abuse this resources it will eventually be depleted and unuseable. ‘’The dataset shows the global patterns ofShow MoreRelatedThe Eleventh Conference of Parties held in Hyderabad, India 1383 Words   |  6 Pageswas, â€Å"Biodiversity, the variety of life on earth, was vital to social and economic development and fundamental to humanity’s survival. The goods and services provided by biodiversity yielded both global and local benefits, especially in countries like India where biodiversity was directly linked with providing livelihoods and improving the socio-economic conditions of millions of people, thereby contributing to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The continuing loss of biodiversity, largelyRead MoreImpact Of Overfishing On Marine Ecosystems And Human Culture1724 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Overfishing occurs when fish are being caught faster than they can reproduce and replace themselves (Lee and Safina, 1995, pg.5). It greatly affects biodiversity of marine ecosystems and human culture. Impacts of Overfishing Overfishing can impact marine ecosystems and communities that rely heavily on marine mammals. Large reductions in population sizes of marketable fish species caught yearly may significantly create economic stress within fishing communities, especially if theyRead More Marine Pollution: Causes and Solutions Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesinto the oceans, causing major problems to marine life and ecosystems. Major causes of marine pollution involve non-point pollutants, marine garbage, toxic ocean pollutants and sewage disposal in oceans. From heavy metal poisoning including lead and mercury killing predators such as sharks and whales, to waste getting trapped in the digestive tracts of marine animals, this essay focuses on how human interference causes horrifying problems to the marine life, but also how to fix it. It will also exploreRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Humans Are Destroying the Planet1327 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone knows that global warming is a serious environme ntal health problem with its effects reflecting on nature and all of mankind on Earth since the mid-twentieth century – emission of concentrated greenhouse gases, rise of sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, and increase in global surface air temperature. The rise in global surface air temperature causes frequent droughts in dry areas and accelerated ocean warming and hence the rapid increase in sea levels and melting of the polar ice capsRead MoreThe Evolution of the World: Industrial-Based, Less Natural, Societies1079 Words   |  5 Pagesaround the world. To combat the problems, various measures of legislation and government intervention have been implemented to protect living and nonliving marine entities and ensure that resources aren’t fully depleted. This paper will look at a number of ‘solutions’ to the problems that industrial-based, less natural, societies have created for marine life. These ‘solutions’ have come in a number of forms, from varying levels of government and agencies. The crees of protections have included legislationRead MoreHabitat Disruptions Essay716 Words   |  3 Pagesover 120 billion dollars in damage). Of course, the increased global temperature would also change the weather patterns, potentially affecting many regions. Which has already been happening in current times for instance, from March 29, 2016, to March 29, 2017, California went from a state of exceptional drought covering most of the state to only parts of Southern California being in a state of â€Å"Abnormally dry† (JAZBEC). A weather pattern changing in the wrong region can have a catastrophic effect onRead MoreThe Effect Of Global Warming On The Environment1003 Words   |  5 Pageswater has increased. Increasing temperature of the water can result from Global Warming. As Global Warming alters temperature and weather patterns, it could have an impact on plant and animal life. Both the number and range of species, which define biodiversity, are expected to decline greatly as temperature increases. Global warming may result in an increased frequency of storms which makes it difficult for the biodiversity in the region to survive as they struggle to adapt to the new ecosystem.Read MoreEssay on The Great Barrier Reef1258 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor threats to Australian reefs. (source 1). Two million tourists visit the coral reef every year. This is great for the economy; however it can have huge negative impacts on the coral reef. The tourists are carried around the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) by over 500 commercial vessels which drop fuel, anchors and other forms of pollution that damage the reef. The tourists also break the fragile corals by touching and reef walking as well as contaminating the water with sweat and suntanRead MoreThe Impacts Of Climate Change1534 Words   |  7 Pageschanges to the marine ecosystem, decrease in fresh water availability, rising sea levels, and general impact of climate on society. The climate change has many hazardous effects, and one of the effects is that it causes changes in the marine environments. When high atmospheric carbon dioxide mixes or dissolves in water especially ocean water, the carbon dioxide displaces oxygen and water turn up to be more acidic and a bit warm (George 166). This excessive carbon dioxide in marine damage ecologiesRead MoreThe Environment Of The Oceans1438 Words   |  6 Pagesto their carelessness, ignore the life of the marine creatures as well. Personal responsibility should not be the only reason for the world’s caution, because the ocean is a â€Å"lifeline of survival† for many, as it controls their jobs, and thus the overall economy of the nation. Therefore, preservation of the oceans should be more a priority to the government. Presently, the oceans play a critical role in the ecosystem, as it determines weather patterns, replenishes the water cycle, and most importantly

History project- religious development in India during...

Religious Developments With the coming of the Mughals in India and the Turkish rule, there were many developments and changes in the Indian culture and religion.The Sultans of Delhi and Mughal tolerated different religions, especially Hinduism, though they were followers of Islam. This lead to the beggining of indo-islamic culture. Since dawn of history, India has been the cradle of religious developments. In the early medival period, two parrelel movements in Hinduism and Islam representing the Bhakti and Sufi movements emerged in India. The Indo-Islamic strands have been woven into the texture of India by intertwining Bhakti and Sufi traditions. Bhakti movement The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious movement in which the main†¦show more content†¦He married the daughter of a Saintly person. Later at the age of 24, he renounced the worldly life and became a sanyasin. His followers regarded him as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. He helped the old and the needy. He was opposed to the inequalities of the caste system. He emphasised the need for tolerance, humanity and love. He spread the message of Bhakti in Bengal. He popularised ‘Sankritan’or public singing of God’s name. He was addressed `Mahaprabhu’ by his followers. Meera Bai : Meerabai was a Rajput princess. She married the Rana of Mewar. She was a pious devotee of Lord Krishna. Her songs or hymns are even today sung all over India. Her palace was kept open to people of all castes to join her Bhajans of Lord Krishna. She had lived for the most part of her life in Mathura, the birth place of Krishna and Vrindaban. There is a temple dedicated to Meerabai in Chittor, the capital of Mewar. Sufi movement Sufism was a reform movement within Islam which applies greater stress on free thinking, liberal ideas and toleration. The Sufis believed in the equality of all human beings and brotherhood mankind. The Sufi movement started in Persia. Some of the Sufi saints also came to India. They began to preach their liberal ideas and to remove the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims and join them together. The word Sufi has been taken from the Arabic word Suf which means wool. The movement may have been given theShow MoreRelatedhistory of philosophy5031 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿History of philosophy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see  History of Philosophy (disambiguation). This article  may require  copy editing  for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.You can assist by  editing it.  (April 2013) Philosophy Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions Analytic Continental Eastern Islamic Platonic Scholastic Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Read MoreTourism in India5630 Words   |  23 PagesTourism in India Tourism  is the largest service industry in  India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the  national GDP  and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits.[2][3]  The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate.[4]  In the year 2009, 5.11 million foreign tourists visited India. MajorityRead MoreEarly Civilian Matrix Essay2503 Words   |  11 Pagesarchitectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Properly cite the sources you use in completing this matrix. CivilizationPoliticsSociety and EconomicsTechnologyArtMusicArchitecturePhilosophyLiteratureB- uddhismThe Budda tells the story of his life. Buddhism is one of the most important Asian spiritual traditions.(Buddhism, n.d.)Brahmanism and Buddhism gave rise in India to form two types of socities. (BuddhismRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 PagesUnit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t include * End of hunting-gathering societies 2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized by * A rough social equality 3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans are * Copper 4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their * Knowledge of agriculture 5. Characteristics of complex civilizations Read MoreBusiness Environment of Pre-British India13645 Words   |  55 PagesBUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF PRE-BRITISH INDIA PROJECT BY: BHAVANA BHATIA-7 REUBEN DANTES-9 CRYSTAL D’SOUZA-11 ALISHA PEREIRA-38 TANUSHREE SHARMA-47 GAURAV TALERA-52 Executive Summary It is the past which shapes what we become in the present. Most of what we do and follow today has been decided in the past which is why we have to understand who we were to become who we have to be. India is one of the few civilizations which has been in existence for more than 5000 years. India is a homogenous culture and itRead MoreEssay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)8730 Words   |  35 Pagesto economic development. Further econnimic developements and increased urbanization led to increased trade. The major east-west trade routes, like the silk roads or the Indian Ocean routes, also developed more during this time, which led to increased international contact and safer trade routes. All of these combined served to increase global trade. | Migrations Your beginning features are quite weak. What other continuities were there? What other major migrations were there during this time periodRead MoreAp Quiz3155 Words   |  13 PagesAP WORLD HISTORY MRS. HEFFERNAN NAME: _____________________________________ PERIOD: _____ QUIZ: CHAPTER 16 17 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. ______ 1) How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? A) Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Western Hemisphere. B) In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economiesRead MoreStatus of Women in Contemporary Indian Society3990 Words   |  16 Pagesscheduled caste woman, about women in the Hindu society or in the Muslim community. All these distinctions are significant determinants of variations in her position in different groups. Status of woman is affected by certain macro-forces as economic development, political participation, and ideological overtones. It is also shaped by the norms and values society lays down with regard to woman’s behaviour. There are numerous prescriptions, sanctions, and constraints which overtly or covertly determine theRead MorePublic Administration Under the King Ashoka4145 Words   |  17 Pagesdifferent religious groups (Brahmins, Buddhist and Jain) to live in peace. His lofty ideals also included shunning violence and war, stopping animal sacrifice, respect for elders, respect of slaves by their masters, vegetaria nism, etc. Above all, Ashoka wanted peace in his empire. Ashoka believed that the King should look upon his subjects as a father treats his children. He took care of his subjects in various ways and was responsible for carrying out a lot of welfare activities during his reignRead MoreHistory Of Education : Timeline1990 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Education - Timeline 3100BC The goal of education in the Greek city-states was to prepare the child for adult activities as a citizen. The goal for the Greeks was to find spiritual satisfaction in the ordinary everyday role. 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Opportunity of Residential Property Investment †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Opportunity of Residential Property Investment. Answer: Introduction The objective of this research proposal is to analyze on whether foreign investment influence the residential real estate market in Australia and housing affordability. Housing is considered as the most vital asset that is owned by majority of the households of Australians. It is a huge household wealth component and act as investment vehicle for the people in Australia. Huge mortgages as well as business loans are secured against the Australians residential dwellings. It has been noted from the recent study that residential real estate market contributes hugely to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Australia (Burke, 2012). The problem that arises from this residential real estate market is that variation in residential property prices influences the behavior of economic variables that includes household consumption in other goods and their financial stability (Newton Glackin, 2014). Over the past few decades, the residential prices have risen by an average of 7 % each year. As a result, the residential real estate market has reflected steady growth by around 3% each year since the year 1970. At the end of year 2000, the prices of residence in Australia in relation to average income were recorded highest in the globe. In addition, in the year 2011, the prices of residence accounted six times of the average income of the households in Australia. However, this nation experiences real estate bubble during this period. Furthermore, the increasing residential prices as well as low rate of interest have stimulated the growth of the residential real estate market in this country (Wadud et al., 2012). Despite bad economic conditions, the prices of residential propertys have increased strongly due to support of government incentives and this supported in the real estate market growth. In addition, foreign investment plays a vital role in strengthening the residential real estate market in this country. This means that the demand as well as supply of housing in Austra lia real estate market increased owing to foreign investment. However, this demand in residential market generated several construction projects, created new opportunity for the household to buy the property and increased employment in the nation. On the contrary, huge foreign investment created problems of housing affordability (Agarwal et al., 2015). This means that rise in prices of residence in Australia pushed domestic home purchasers out of residential market and near about 10-20% of new housing are brought by foreigners. It has been opined by Blomstrom (2014), foreign investment is considered as the main driver of causing housing affordability problems to the low income households in Australia. Recent study shows that the average price of residence has become equivalent to the average earnings of people of seven years. There are few factors that contributes to the rise in residential property includes- Higher credit availability owing to financial deregulation Low rate of interest since recessionary phase increased borrowing capacity because of lower repayments Reducing supply of land by the Australian government Rising prices of average floor area of new dwellings by 53.8%. Reforms in tax structure adopted by the Australian government including capital gains tax Restrictions imposed by the government on the land use or preventing for higher density use of land Ageing population growth in Australia Research Aim The main aim of this research is to examine both long term as well short term impact of foreign investment in Australias residential real estate market and housing affordability. This research proposal also facilitates in clarifying few question that arises from this topic. These research questions includes- Is there any significance of foreign investment in residential real estate market in Australia? Over the past few years, this nation has experienced huge inflow of capital into real estate industry, specifically in residential real estate market. This directly raised supply of new residence and thus adding benefits to real estate industry as well as suppliers. On the contrary, it has been noted by some observers that foreign investment in residential real estate market has led to rise in prices of housing mainly for the first home purchasers (Newton Glackin, 2014). As a result, it results in decrease in housing affordability in this nation. In contrast, some observers have commented that foreign investment has not much significance in Australian residential real estate market and housing affordability as it accounted for around 5-10% of national housing turnover value. in addition , they have also argued that foreign investment does not cause market distortions for the first buyers as foreign investors operates at various price brackets from them and purchases numerous kinds o f properties. Does foreign investment influence the activities of first purchasers in the residential real estate market? Recent study reflects that the overseas buyers basically facilitates in making residential propertys more affordable as their investment in this industry enhances the economy. As foreign investment has resulted in rise in prices that are hugely influenced by migration and hence supply of residence cannot meet the demand for it. In addition, high population growth as well as low interest rate raised the housing prices and this affected the activities of the first purchasers in the market (Lieser Groh, 2013). Therefore, the buyers could afford to buy the residence due to low income and as s result, they try to shift to other places or invest in other sectors. This shows that foreign investment adversely impacts on the first buyers activities. On the other hand, foreign investment has some positive aspects that includes- providing huge job opportunities for the unemployed that in turn boosted the economic growth of Australia. Does foreign investment in residential market improved its performance over the years? Although foreign investment in residential real estate market has shown adverse impact on first buyers, it has remained beneficial to this industry. As no restrictions are there for the purchasers of new residence, the operators in this market attained huge benefit from the foreign buyers (Lee et al., 2015). For example, highest number of purchase of residence by foreign buyers was recorded in Victoria. This rise in sale of residence with high price increased the profitability level of the suppliers. Moreover, it improved the performance of real estate market in this nation. Literature Review It has been evident from few studies that the foreign investors actively participate in investing in the residential real estate market since global financial crisis in 2008. It has been opined by Moran (2012), the main reason behind rise in housing prices was the foreign investors. In the year 2015, the prices of residence rose by 5%. In addition, the total sales of housing in Australian real estate market that accounted for 16%, were given to the foreign purchasers. In the era of global liberalization, operators in real estate market attained benefits from foreign investment that helped them in expanding their business globally. The main determinants that has been cited for foreign investors interest on real estate industry was rising liquidity level , higher returns and huge opportunities (Beracha Wintoki, 2013). The trend that emerged after the financial crisis in the year 2008 with the SWF (Sovereign Wealth Funds), organizations of wealth management, private bankers and rich fa milies moving into market activities of international property that deserted corporate bankers. Traditional determinants for which foreign investors invest in Australian residential real estate market The traditional determinants cited for which the foreign investors purchases from the residential real estate market of Australia were- It was better fundamental for investment It provides huge opportunity for acquiring freehold property Foreign investors especially the Chinese investors attained higher yields from Australian real estate market in comparison with property market of China They also have the ability to borrow from this real estate market of Australia Therefore, all these determinants influenced foreign investors to invest in residential market of Australia. As a result, foreign investment increased in the Australian residential real estate market. Impact of foreign investment in Australias residential real estate market and housing affordability Foreign investment in Australias residential real estate sector has been a financial as well political problem over the last few years. The sharp decline in rate of interest has been the crucial driving factor that increased activities of foreign buyers and high-rise in prices (Liao et al., 2015). The housing market in Sydney has been seen as the leading platform of capitals over last three to five years. The prices of the housing have been rising strongly and this affected affordability of first buyers. On the contrary, the real estate market of Australia has no restrictions for purchasers of new housing and this became beneficial for the operators of the real estate market. According to the latest data from Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB), it reflects that the contribution of the foreign investors in the real estate market activity is minimum. This highlights that the foreign investment have little impact on the residential market in Australia (Crowe et al., 2013). Recent st udy reflects that in the year 2013-2014, the FIRB permitted 7195 applications by the foreign purchasers for buying home in Australia. Therefore, it represented only 2.4% of established residence title transfers that had been registered during the same period. On the other hand, the highest number of residence purchases by foreign purchasers during this period with 3483 and this was followed by New South Wales. It has been noted from recent study that overseas purchasers actually facilitates in making housing affordable as their investment provides huge job opportunities to the unemployed persons in Australia and also enhances the economic growth. In fact, the overseas buyers plays a crucial role in increasing the supply of residence (Cesa?Bianchi et al., 2015). It has been stated by Krause and Bitter (2012), though the foreign investment contributed to rise in supply of housing, the rise in prices creates difficulty for the first residence purchasers to break into real estate market . The price at which the foreign investors tend to purchase the properties were not within the price range that local purchasers afford to purchase. In addition, several other factors that drive the residential market demand in Australia includes- Migrants in this nation have disposable income when they enters the market and they tries to participate in this real estate market than several unskilled migrants. Increasing rate of education visas also increased the demand for housing in Australia and hence they tries to invest in properties Increased competition between mining and infrastructure sector for skilled workers as well as materials limits the new housing supply and this raises housing demand in the market. It contradicts from the above analysis that foreign investment improves the performance of the real estate market in Australia. Moreover, some economist says that increase in demand and lack of housing supply is cited as another reason for increase in prices of high residence (Cecchetti Kharroubi, 2015). It has been noted from recent report that, foreign investment is not the main factor that raises housing prices. There are numerous factors that throws huge impact on the housing prices rather than foreign investment involves. These factors includes- Ageing population growth as well as high per capita income of this nation The ability of the Australians that brings out huge mortgages owing to larger access to low-priced credit Scarce availability of the land and its high cost for development raises the housing prices Lower rate of interest that prevails in this country for over the past few years Activities and strength of this nation Stamp duty as well as arrangement of tax Regulations or policies imposed by the government of Australia and red tape Furthermore, it has been argued by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) that low rate of interest did not adversely affect on the housing price rather it raised attractiveness of domestic investment in high yielding property and this outcomes in huge demand for the housing property in real estate market (Beracha Wintoki, 2013). Therefore, it is noted from the above fact that foreign investment does not much significance in residential real estate market of Australia and is not the main reason for creating housing affordability problem in the nation. As opined by Burke (2012), the policy adopted by Australian government for foreign investment in housing market aims in increasing the housing stock of this nation. The applications received from the non residents for purchase of new residence are approved without any conditions, but in case of established residence it is prohibited. It has been seen from the recent data, bulk of approvals is usually approved for investment in new residence in contrast to existing residence. This recommends that demand for new residence in other countries have been channeled into rising supply of residence as intended (Blomstrom, 2015). It has been argued by some economist that foreign demand has priced out first home purchasers. In recent decade, the level of demand for new residence in foreign countries increased strongly. For example, the rising significance of Chinese demand for residential real estate raises Australias exposure to the factors influencing China. Furthermore, any variation to attr activeness in acquiring assets outside China impacts on the international demand for residential property in Australia and this might have implications on economic as well as financial condition in the country. Research Design and Methods In this study, the qualitative research has been used for evaluating whether foreign investment has an impact on the residential real estate in Australia and housing affordability (Bath, 2012). For analyzing this impact, several methods have been applied that includes research philosophy, data collection methods and sampling design. Research paradigm facilitates the researcher in classifying the research principle with respect to the research topic. There are four types of research philosophy that includes- pragmatism, positivism, realism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy refers to scientific data collection as well as positive facts that have been recognized from the empirical data. This philosophy highlights on the society that functions according to common laws. This philosophy helps the researcher to construe the information that has been obtained by applying logic. Realism philosophy relies upon the assumption the scientific approach based on the reality of developmental activities. Intrepretivism philosophy refers to social approach that ally with idealism and is implemented in the research by via qualitative research. It mainly helps in interpreting the elements of research as well as merge individual ideas for the particular research topic. Pragmatism philosophy helps in assessing the theories of research in respect of practical application. In this research paper, positivism philosophy has been applied as it relates with collection of real data that is mainly attained through observations (Armstrong-Taylor, 2016). It also highlights on the society that works with respect to general laws. Moreover, it has been seen that positivism philosophy helps in attaining correct outcome of this research. There are mainly two types of research method- inductive and deductive. Deductive method refers to an approach that survey on the theory as well as test the validity in specific situation. This method deals with hypothesis testing with respect to secondary data. This method is basically concerned with quantitative data. Inductive approach concerns with qualitative data and utilizes observations in order to expand common principles about the research topic. The researcher gathers information and then explains the prototype for developing new theory. In this case, the deductive approach has been used in order to assess the impact of foreign investment on the residential real estate market of Australia and housing affordability (Bouchouicha Ftiti, 2012). This method benefits the researcher as it acquires less time in completing the research. This method also helps in acquiring accurate outcome from this research. Data collection method The data collected helps in revealing the genuineness of the research. There are two types of data collection methods that involves- primary data and secondary data. Primary data is basically collected from the surveys. Secondary data is mainly gathered from journals, magazines and internet. Primary data is segmented into two types that includes- quantitative data and qualitative data. Quantitative data are analyzed by using numerical as well as statistical inferences. It basically presumes reliability and is categorized in respect of discrete data. Quantitative data is collected through different methods that includes surveys, observations etc. Qualitative data classifies the objects in terms of characteristics as well as properties. Secondary data including property database were used for conducting this research. In this research, Quantitative research technique has been used with semi-structured interviews. The aim of qualitative research is to examine the research topic through feedback as well discussions with the respondents or stakeholders participating in the interview. The interview was mainly taken to the stakeholders and foreign as well as domestic investors. This also helps in identifying how the policies adopted by the Australian government affect foreign investment in residential market of Australia. It also helps in evaluating the affect of nontraditional determinants on the decision making of foreign investors (Adeniyi et al., 2012). In addition, Chinese investors were the main participants for this interviews as they investment in this sector was huge over the periods. The interview selection were mainly based on their involvement in this industry and in respect of their seniority in decision mak ing procedure. Moreover, the data collected were voice recorded and transcribed. Sampling method refers to the technique including total respondents taken from the total population in a sample. The method used for this research is simple random sampling in order to obtain accurate outcome. Simple random sampling refers to the samples, which are selected randomly from huge population (Peter, Svejnar Terrell, 2012). In this case, the operators as well as purchasers are given equal chance to be chosen from huge population. Sample size of 100 respondents were taken from the total population those who are involved in this market. In addition, the survey questionnaires was formed based on the operators experience in the real estate market, foreign as well as domestic investors. From the above report, it can be analyzed that foreign investment throws less impact on the Australias residential real estate market and housing affordability. In addition, a semi-structured interview was mainly conducted in Australia for seeking accurate information in order to justify this research topic. It has been noted from the above study that after the global financial crisis, the real estate market of Australia has improved not only due to foreign investment but also several other factors such as education visas etc. References Adeniyi, O., Omisakin, O., Egwaikhide, F. O., Oyinlola, A. (2012). Foreign direct investment, economic growth and financial sector development in small open developing economies.Economic Analysis and Policy,42(1), 105-127. Agarwal, S., Ben-David, I., Yao, V. (2015). Collateral valuation and borrower financial constraints: Evidence from the residential real estate market. Management Science,61(9), 2220-2240. Armstrong-Taylor, P. (2016). Real Estate Market. InDebt and Distortion(pp. 145-157). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Bath, V. (2012). Foreign investment, the national interest and national security-foreign direct investment in Australia and China. Beracha, E., Wintoki, M. B. (2013). Forecasting residential real estate price changes from online search activity.Journal of Real Estate Research,35(3), 283-312. Blomstrom, M. (2014).Foreign Investment and Spillovers (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Bouchouicha, R., Ftiti, Z. (2012). Real estate markets and the macroeconomy: A dynamic coherence framework.Economic Modelling,29(5), 1820-1829. Burke, T. (2012). The Australian residential housing market management: institutions and actors.Australias unintended cities, 35-49. Butlin, N. G. (2013).Investment in Australian economic development, 1861-1900. Cambridge University Press. Cecchetti, S. G., Kharroubi, E. (2015). Why does financial sector growth crowd out real economic growth?. Cesa?Bianchi, A., Cespedes, L. F., Rebucci, A. (2015). Global liquidity, house prices, and the macroeconomy: Evidence from advanced and emerging economies.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,47(S1), 301-335. Crowe, C., DellAriccia, G., Igan, D., Rabanal, P. (2013). How to deal with real estate booms: Lessons from country experiences.Journal of Financial Stability,9(3), 300-319. Geltner, D., Miller, N. G., Clayton, J., Eichholtz, P. (2012).Commercial real estate analysis and investments(Vol. 1, p. 642). Cincinnati, OH: South-western. Krause, A. L., Bitter, C. (2012). Spatial econometrics, land values and sustainability: Trends in real estate valuation research.Cities,29, S19-S25. Lee, C. L., Kupke, V., Newell, G., Lee, C. L., Kupke, V. (2015). The opportunity of residential property investment vehicles in enhancing affordable rental housing supply. Liao, W. C., Zhao, D., Lim, L. P., Wong, G. K. M. (2015). Foreign liquidity to real estate market: Ripple effect and housing price dynamics.Urban Studies,52(1), 138-158. Lieser, K., Groh, A. P. (2014). The determinants of international commercial real estate investment.The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,48(4), 611-659. Moran, T. (2012). Foreign direct investment.The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. Newton, P., Glackin, S. (2014). Understanding infill: towards new policy and practice for urban regeneration in the established suburbs of Australia's cities.Urban policy and research,32(2), 121-143. Peter, K. S., Svejnar, J., Terrell, K. (2012). Foreign investment, corporate ownership, and development: Are firms in emerging markets catching up to the world standard?.Review of Economics and Statistics,94(4), 981-999. Rogers, D., Lee, C. L., Yan, D. (2015). The politics of foreign investment in Australian housing: Chinese investors, translocal sales agents and local resistance.Housing Studies,30(5), 730-748. Rutherford, R., Yavas, A. (2012). Discount brokerage in residential real estate markets.Real Estate Economics,40(3), 508-535. Wadud, I. M., Bashar, O. H., Ahmed, H. J. A. (2012). Monetary policy and the housing market in Australia.Journal of Policy Modeling,34(6), 849-863. Warren-Myers, G. (2012). The value of sustainability in real estate: a review from a valuation perspective.Journal of Property Investment Finance,30(2), 115-144.

Sociology Families free essay sample

Presentation Is this really true, are afro-Caribbean families dysfunctional. In addressing this point, I will examine the sociology theorist Michael Garfield smith. Smith believed that European family’s norms and values are important in one way or another to the assimilation process and plays a major role in the afro- Caribbean families. He argued that the plantation destroyed African culture and he saw the plantation as the basis on which the Caribbean family structure was formed. Smith had no doubt that the experience of previous generations on plantation has no doubt influenced the way in which subsequent generations were socialized, but he argues that over time families adjust to the present social conditions. European family norms was based mainly the nuclear family, but for afro-caribbean families there are several other types of families. These other types of afro- Caribbean families should be viewed as dysfunctional because it is not of what the European family norms consist of. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Families or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other types of afro-caribbean family structures are: The matrifocal family- The emergence and functioning of African slave  families was adverse to the objectives of the plantation. Family units of the slaves were very often  broken up  and males were often sold to other plantations far away while the mother and her child  were left to survive as a  unit. On the other hand, there are other factors, however, which contributed to matrifocality in the contemporary Caribbean. These include migration, imprisonment of males, crime, and male marginalization. On  the issue of male marginalization; the male on the plantation could not own property and had no family rights. Hence the marginalization of the male in the Afro-Caribbean family started on the plantation and was further influenced by the aforementioned factors in the  modern era. * The visiting union- This is a frequent occurrence in the Caribbean it is domestic unit of a woman and her children. Here the mother and her children live apart of the father but may be visited but may be visited by a mann which the mother shares a relationship with. * The common law unit- Similar to the nuclear family, however it is an ongoing bond that without legal marriage. Here the spouses are committed to each other sexually and raise children in a stable relationship.

Jurassic Park1 essays

Jurassic Park1 essays Jurassic Park, by Michael Crichton is an incredible book, which describes genetic engineering and the creation of an extinct species. Michael Crichton uses marvelous detail throughout the book. As great as the book is, it is not that appropriate for children who are 15 and under because of the gore, description, violence, and obscenities through out the story. Jurassic Park is a great book. Michael Crichton uses such descriptive detail, that you could picture everything that is going on like you are watching a movie. There is not one moment of boredom in the book. Every second something new is happening or another problem in the park occurs. These things make the book very hard to put down. Jurassic Park is a marvelous book with a great plot. Yet, later it becomes inappropriate for children. The first thing that makes Jurassic Park not appropriate for young children is that it is amazingly gory. Michael Crichton describes people and animals being killed in a very descriptive manner. When Dennis Nedry, the computer programmer, was on his way to the dock to deliver frozen dinosaurs embryos to another genetic engineering company, a concrete barrier was in his way. He got out of his car and started to run into the jungle. When he reached the jungle river, he heard a soft hooting cry. When he turned around, he saw a dilophasaur standing directly in front of him. Suddenly, the dilophasaur spit at him. The novel refers to this by saying, Nedry...felt an excruciating pain in his eyes, stabbing like spikes in the back of his skull. It then says, Slowly the realization came to him. He was blind...Then there was a new searing pain like a fiery knife in his belly, and then Nedry stumbled...then there was a new pain on both sides of his head. The pain grew worse, and as h e was lifted to his feet he knew the dinosaur had his head in its jaws, and the horror of that realization was followed by a final wi...

Haber-Bosch Process Information

Haber-Bosch Process Information The Haber process or Haber-Bosch process is the primary industrial method used to make ammonia or fix nitrogen. The Haber process reacts nitrogen and hydrogen gas to form ammonia: N2   3 H2  Ã¢â€ â€™ 2 NH3  Ã‚  (ΔH −92.4 kJ ·mol−1) History of the Haber Process Fritz Haber, a German chemist, and Robert Le Rossignol, a British chemist,  demonstrated the first ammonia synthesis process in 1909. They formed ammonia drop by drop from pressurized air.  However, the technology did not exist to extend the pressure required in this tabletop apparatus to commercial production. Carl  Bosch, an engineer at BASF, resolved the engineering problems associated with industrial ammonia production.  BASFs German Oppau  plant commenced ammonia production in 1913. How the Haber-Bosch Process Works Habers original process made ammonia from air. The industrial Haber-Bosch process mixes nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas in a pressure vessel that contains a special catalyst to speed the reaction. From a thermodynamic standpoint, the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen favors the product at room temperature and pressure, but the reaction does not generate much ammonia. The reaction is exothermic; at increased temperature and atmospheric pressure, the equilibrium quickly switches to the other direction. The catalyst and increased pressure are the scientific magic behind the process. Boschs original catalyst was osmium, but BASF quickly settled upon a less-expensive iron-based catalyst which is still in use today. Some modern processes employ a ruthenium catalyst, which is more active than the iron catalyst. Although Bosch originally electrolyzed water to obtain hydrogen, the modern version of the process uses natural gas to obtain methane, which is processed to get hydrogen gas. It is estimated that 3-5 percent of the worlds natural gas production goes toward the Haber process. The gases pass over the catalyst bed  multiple times since conversion to ammonia is only around 15 percent each time. By the end of the process, about 97 percent conversion of nitrogen and hydrogen to ammonia is achieved. Importance of the Haber Process Some people consider the Haber process to be the most important invention of the past 200 years! The primary reason the Haber process is important is because ammonia is used as a plant fertilizer, enabling farmers to grow enough crops to support an ever-increasing world population. The Haber process supplies  500 million tons (453 billion kilograms) of nitrogen-based fertilizer annually, which is estimated to support food for a third of the people on Earth. There are negative associations with the Haber process, too. In World War I, the ammonia was used to produce nitric acid to manufacture  munitions. Some argue the population explosion, for better or worse, would not have happened without the increased food available because of the fertilizer. Also, the release of nitrogen compounds has had a negative environmental impact. References Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production,  Vaclav Smil  (2001)  ISBN 0-262-19449-X. US Environmental Protection Agency: Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences by Peter M. Vitousek, Chair, John Aber, Robert W. Howarth, Gene E. Likens, Pamela A. Matson, David W. Schindler, William H. Schlesinger, and G. David Tilman Fritz Haber Biography, Nobel e-Museum, retrieved October 4, 2013.

Food Van Business Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food Van Business Plan - Case Study Example Our master-chef team will oversee the whole process and ensure that the health regulations have adhered. Our foods will improve the well-being of our customers and hence our food will be prepared to have that in mind (Myrick 2012, p.23). Our grilled chicken is prepared in a convenient way using fresh ingredients. Each serving involves a sensational taste that is appealing to the customers. Our fish and veggies are pre-blanched and hygienically prepared and sealed in a way that is appealing to the customers. The veggies are being chopped and packed freshly to ensure that their natural tastes are maintained. All ordering, stocking and quality controls are managed by on an in-house computer-based system enabling usage patterns to be monitored maintaining ordering efficiency and minimizing wastage. Our customers can have their orders delivered at their destination within the campus. The business is a profit-making organization will aim at ensuring that the production cost is lower than the sales. At the beginning of each day, the van will arrive at the support kitchen where the foods will be loaded with the day’s meals. This will ensure that the supply of ordered food is constant and no inconveniences are experienced. Promotion of our products will be at offering gifts and subsiding prices on particular days. These efforts will maintain customer loyalty and ensure that customers have trust in the kinds of foods we offer.  

Management Strategy and Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Strategy and Policy - Research Paper Example UAE based Emaar Properties is a Public Joint Stock Company (PJSC) focusing on property development as well as lifestyles related services. Established in 1997, it has grown to become one of the largest property developers in the whole of Middle-East Asia. (â€Å"About Emaar†). It became a PJSC in 2007, after Dubai government garnered around 32% equity stake in Emaar, by exchanging with the sizable prime land. Although its prime focus is property development, it has over 60 companies under its wings, with each company operating in different business sectors, offering varied services including in the sectors like hospitality & leisure, shopping malls, healthcare, education and financial services. (â€Å"Board of Directors†). Apart from its main operations in UAE, EMAAR has expanded geographically doing projects and offering services in many key Asian countries like Saudi Arabia, India, Syria, Pakistan, etc., African countries like Egypt, Morocco, etc., as well as the Unit ed States and Canada. It has developed some of the globally well-known and prominent landmarks of UAE. The list includes Downtown Dubai, â€Å"the 500-acre mega-project, home of Burj Khalifa – the world’s tallest building which features the world’s first Armani Hotel Dubai and the world’s highest restaurant, At.mosphere† and also Dubai Mall, which is regarded as the â€Å"world’s largest shopping and entertainment destination†. (â€Å"About Emaar†). By diversifying into new sectors, it is posed to tap many opportunities in other sectors as well. Porter’s five force analysis Degree of rivalry Construction is a segmented industry implying there are many firms at various levels. EMAAR also has its rivals specifically Nakheel, ALDAR and Dubai properties etc. However, EMAAR enjoys a unique brand image as compared to its peers as it has emerged as a luxury brand. It has been associated with high quality construction catering t o higher end groups. It has created an exclusive position for itself by building the world’s tallest building called Burj Khalifa in Dubai which was completed in 2010 despite the world financial meltdown post its launch in 2008 (Oxford Business Group). Hence, the degree of rivalry is low for this group in UAE. Threat of substitutes The group has targeted high end real estate development. Hence within this segment there are usually very few substitutes as a customer is generally looking at a particular type of property and location which cannot be replaced easily. However, during economic

Financial circumstances Essay Example for Free

Financial circumstances Essay The company was a well growing established retailer industry in the market, how ever due to the scandal charges against Wickes. This caused a lot damage to company itself, it gave Wickes a bad status in the market and also they were black listed which meant that the company had a poor financial history so therefore in the future they will be refused on credit products and any other kind of financial circumstances. On the same day the company got black listed which was on the 25th June 1996, the announcement of the scandal was exposed to the public. The announcement of the scandal instantaneously affected the companys market value to 150 million pound and the stock was suspended from London market trading. So in order for Wickes to operate the business back to the way it was they refurbished its corporate management and also made emends with any shareholders and suppliers they had. This took the company a good two years of hard development. Bye the end of 1998 the companys profits increased by 653 million pound so therefore sales rise by 27%. They instituted three new stores and redesigned locations to include ornamental and garden commodities. The fraud scandal could have been preventable in many ways, Wickes became aware of this incident when scandal exteriors and auditors thoroughly checked the books and notice the major extensive changes. How ever this could have been notice at an early stage. Wickes could carry out monthly or yearly check ups on transactions account to notice any changes or misappropriate mistakes occurred in the business. Wickes could employee internal audit; internal audit will improve the function of the organisation and consulting action which will be intended to add value to the business, along side meeting the companys objectives. The organisations objectives will be achieved by bringing an efficient approach to evaluate and develop the efficiency of risk management, control and governance processes. Although to bring in an internal audit to check the operation of the business yearly will be expensive. In my opinion I personally think that Wickes will be able to pay for the expense of an internal audit as they are a fast established business which creates good profit. This will be beneficial for the business as a whole. Another suggestion to prevent the scandal could be to have good ethics and standards in place. The following charges which were made on the defendant were producing false statement and giving false information to the auditor (Arthur Andersen), so therefore Wickes could locate a system which contains a principle of governing morality and acceptable conduct. They could do this by producing a code of ethics which all the employees will have to fallow and can not be broken. Therefore the company will have strict rules and have control over their employees. This will help the business to be safe and prevent employee misbehaviour. An additional idea is to direct different position to different individuals; Henry Sweetbaum was the companys former chairman and chief executive. So therefore Wickes could have given two individuals them to positions instead of just giving it to one individual. If they were two individuals directed for them positions then they would have had an inter link with one another jobs and would have been aware of what each one is undertaking. So therefore I personally think that the incident of the scandal would have occurred earlier than later if the former chairman and chief executive roles were given to two individual instead of just one. In conclusion I personally think that the fraud scandal which arose in 1996 for Wickes was a huge turn around for the company and now due to this incident they will be more careful now in the future. Wickes will be more alert and aware of how to minimise the risks and the prospect which occur in a scandal. Referencing  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1996/10/17/cwick17.html

Kurt Vonnegut :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut has always had a great awareness of the destructive social impact of science and technology. Contraptions that Vonnegut calls â€Å"social transplants† replace real relatives and friends with synthetic ones. Recordings, radio and television are just a few of these devices. They make it possible to bring synthetic relatives and friends right into your home and replace those friends and relatives who are not perfect, nor even consistent, with a better class of people. Vonnegut’s least favorite technology is the computer, because it is a nervous system outside of our own, and it has deprived humans of the experience of becoming. â€Å"All they have to do now is wait for the next program from Microsoft† (Pickering 24). Films, books and plays show us people talking much more entertainingly than people really talk. Singers and musicians show us humans making sounds far lovelier than humans really make (Skaw 568). All of these technological developments have decreased the amount of contact we have with other humans. The first of these â€Å"transplants† took place in the 4th century before Christ. Audiences accepted attractive people who memorized interesting things to say on stage as genuine relatives and friends (Vonnegut 266). We no longer have a need to make conversation with our dreadful real family and friends, not when we have all of these technological and entertaining transplanted friends and family. Vonnegut believes contemporary society is lonely because we have alienated ourselves from each other because of all of the technology in our world. Throughout his many writings Vonnegut shows his fascination with the way technology changes the social environment (Lundquist 88).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He never abandons his theme of hatred for science and technology and its social impact on society. Vonnegut also believes that we no longer have developed imaginations because of destructive technological developments. We are not born with an imagination; teachers and parents help us to develop it. Imagination was once very important because it was your major source of entertainment. The imagination circuit is built in your head. People can read a book and envision it in their mind. However, this is no longer necessary. Now there are shows, actors, and movies that show us the story instead of letting us use our imagination to envision it. We do not need imagination just like we do not need to know how to ride horses in our society. We have cars that can go much faster than horses so why learn how to ride one? This question can be applied to imagination. Why unleash your imagination to envision an unknown world in a book

Movie Review: 3 Idiots

Movie Review: 3 Idiots Last Saturday, we watched an Indian movie entitled â€Å"3 Idiots†. It is my first time to watch an Indian film and I must tell you that it is a great experience. At first, I actually taught that it is a typical comedy movie but I was wrong. There are so many lessons to be learned in the film. The first lesson is we should always follow our passion. Very often, we deceive ourselves by giving in to the demands of the people around us, rather than following what our minds dictate. We go by the set standards of the society and ignore our real passion. We end up becoming average professionals in the field that we enter and on the other hand, the field that happens to be our real passion loses a potential talent. An example given in the movie is a person who has a passion for photography walks into an engineering college and ends up becoming an average engineer, while the fine arts industry loses a good photographer. The second lesson is do not learn to get success, learn for knowledge. When we strive hard to learn and improve our knowledge, we move ahead in life. Never run after success but let it automatically happen to your life. The third lesson is we should enjoy the present. We either lose ourselves in the maze of past success and failures, or worry ourselves sick about the future. We cannot change what has already happened and we cannot predict what happens in future. Instead, we should focus on doing our day to day work with eagerness and excitement, then we end up positively influencing the future. Lastly, we must help others and respect them. Helping others helps you grow mentally and easily associates you. A lasting relationship is created by helping others. In the film, Rancho helps Raju and Farhan in choosing right careers for them and follow their dreams. This creates an everlasting bond between friends, not only friends but with anyone whom we help. You grow as a person and never have to look back in life. This movie is an eye opener to each one of us. I recommend that every student should watch this film, they will not only apply it to their studies but to their everyday life.

I am a leader Essay

I am naturally very friendly and enjoy talking to others, this will be beneficial during room check when girls are still awake and want to share things about their day. I am not shy and am not afraid to enforce the rules, especially the dress code, although I am a student. I am very creative and will enjoy decorating the hallway to make the girls feel welcome in my dorm. I am also and very organized and will be informative to the girls so that they will know about upcoming events each week such as dorm or campus devotionals and campus wide events. I will also remind them of certain events approaching such as clean sweep and saving energy week(s). I have been attending the Church of Christ since I was born. I now attend church at Crosswind Church of Christ while school is in session. I am extremely comfortable talking to students about their faith. I have spoken at girls devotional, been a prayer group leader at the three past retreats, was in charge of the Bible classes of Jr. Camp at MSYC last summer and will be this coming summer, and am currently the youth intern at Crosswinds COC and teach the High School girls Wednesday night class. This is an area that I feel very comfortable. I am a leader in many ways. I am holding leadership roles as officers in PKA and STEA and am a leader to the girls at my church, in my club and any one who sees my actions. I am constantly being a leader by representing the most Christ-like persona I am able to, at all times. Being in the positions that I am in make me a leader, but I try to be a positive leader regardless of what position I have.

Free Essays on Cell Phones

Cellular telephones are fast becoming an important factor in highway safety. â€Å"Cellular phones are becoming increasingly universal, marked by a 1,685 percent increase in the number of users from 1988 to 1995.†(CTIA page 1 of 3) There are many studies currently being made looking into the risks involved with driving vehicles and talking on cellular phones. Many states are even experimenting with the idea of tickets for talking and driving. Such ticketing would affect a great deal of people. The number of business people using their cellular phones in their every day job, which often involves a lot of travel, is constantly increasing. â€Å"Nearly 34 million subscribers rely on their cellular phones to conduct business or just talk to friends and family.†(CTIA page 1 of 3) This such increase also brings about a rise in phone related accidents. The need for safety policies is turning a great deal of heads. State policymakers, however, must weigh the benefits of wireless technology against the growing evidence of the potential dangers of cell phones in automobiles. Several recent studies correlate driver use of cellular telephones with an increased risk of crash. A study, of 699 drivers who had used cellular phones, published in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded, â€Å"The use of cellular telephones in motor vehicles is associated with the quadrupling of the risk of a collision during the brief period of a call.†(Redelmeier) It was also shown that dialing and answering a phone provide the same impairment as driving while intoxicated. The report found no distinction in safety between hand-held cell phone devices and hands-free devices. Talking on cellular phones affect a person in several ways. For example, the emotional stress involved in a conversation can lead to a decreased awareness in what is happening on the road. Having to dial phone numbers and answering calls really take your attention away from the road. It is ha... Free Essays on Cell Phones Free Essays on Cell Phones Cellular telephones are fast becoming an important factor in highway safety. â€Å"Cellular phones are becoming increasingly universal, marked by a 1,685 percent increase in the number of users from 1988 to 1995.†(CTIA page 1 of 3) There are many studies currently being made looking into the risks involved with driving vehicles and talking on cellular phones. Many states are even experimenting with the idea of tickets for talking and driving. Such ticketing would affect a great deal of people. The number of business people using their cellular phones in their every day job, which often involves a lot of travel, is constantly increasing. â€Å"Nearly 34 million subscribers rely on their cellular phones to conduct business or just talk to friends and family.†(CTIA page 1 of 3) This such increase also brings about a rise in phone related accidents. The need for safety policies is turning a great deal of heads. State policymakers, however, must weigh the benefits of wireless technology against the growing evidence of the potential dangers of cell phones in automobiles. Several recent studies correlate driver use of cellular telephones with an increased risk of crash. A study, of 699 drivers who had used cellular phones, published in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded, â€Å"The use of cellular telephones in motor vehicles is associated with the quadrupling of the risk of a collision during the brief period of a call.†(Redelmeier) It was also shown that dialing and answering a phone provide the same impairment as driving while intoxicated. The report found no distinction in safety between hand-held cell phone devices and hands-free devices. Talking on cellular phones affect a person in several ways. For example, the emotional stress involved in a conversation can lead to a decreased awareness in what is happening on the road. Having to dial phone numbers and answering calls really take your attention away from the road. It is ha...

Definition and Examples of Multilingualism

Definition and Examples of Multilingualism Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to use only one language. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual. The original language a person grows up speaking is known as their first language or mother tongue. Someone who is raised speaking two first languages or mother tongues is called a simultaneous bilingual. If they learn a second language later, they are called a sequential bilingual. Examples and Observations Majesty, the Herr Direttore, he has removed uno balletto that would have occurred at this place. - Italian Kapellmeister Bonno in Amadeus Multilingualism as the Norm We estimate that most of the human language users in the world speak more than one language, i.e. they are at least bilingual. In quantitative terms, then, monolingualism may be the exception and multilingualism the norm... - Peter Auer and Li Wei Bilingualism and Multilingualism Current research...begins by emphasizing the quantitative distinction between multilingualism and bilingualism and the greater complexity and diversity of the factors involved in acquisition and use where more than two languages are involved (Cenoz 2000; Hoffmann 2001a; Herdina and Jessner 2002). Thus, it is pointed out that not only do multilinguals have larger overall linguistic repertoires, but the range of the language situations in which multilinguals can participate, making appropriate language choices, is more extensive. Herdina Jessner (2000b:93) refer to this capacity as the multilingual art of balancing communicative requirements with language resources. This wider ability associated with the acquisition of more than two languages has also been argued to distinguish multilinguals in qualitative terms. One . . . qualitative distinction seems to lie in the area of strategies. Kemp (2007), for example, reports that multilingual learners learning strategies differ from those o f monolingual students learning their first foreign language. - Larissa Aronin and David Singleton Are Americans Lazily Monolingual? The celebrated multilingualism of not just Europe but also the rest of the world may be exaggerated. The hand-wringing about America’s supposed linguistic weakness is often accompanied by the claim that monolinguals make up a small worldwide minority. The Oxford linguist Suzanne Romaine has claimed that bilingualism and multilingualism are a normal and unremarkable necessity of everyday life for the majority of the world’s population. - Michael Erard New Multilingualisms [I]n paying attention to the language practices of young people in urban settings, we see new multilingualisms emerging, as the young people create meanings with their diverse linguistic repertoires. We see the young people (and their parents and teachers) using their eclectic array of linguistic resources to create, parody, play, contest, endorse, evaluate, challenge, tease, disrupt, bargain and otherwise negotiate their social worlds. - Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese Sources Bleichenbacher, Lukas. Multilingualism in the Movies. University of Zurich, 2007.Auer, Peter and Wei, Li. Introduction: Multilingualism as a Problem? Monolingualism as a Problem? Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, Berlin.Aronin, Larissa and Singleton, David. Multilingualism John Benjamins, 2012, Amersterdam.Erard, Michael. Are We Really Monolingual? The New York Times Sunday Review, January 14, 2012.Blackledge, Adrian and Creese, Angela. Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective. Continuum, 2010, London, New York.

Participation and Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Participation and Discussion Questions - Essay Example The total equaled 663365. The top eBook, Kama Sutra, received a frequency of 6185. The relative frequency for Kama Sutra is 6185 / 663365 or 0.93%. The relative frequency of the top five eBooks combined is 19271 / 663365 or 2.90%. The information given on the website provides data regarding downloads of eBooks, thus the entire demand illustrated on the website is for electronic books. The frequency distribution does not tell us anything directly about the behavior of hard copies of the books. On the hand indirectly the information can be used to create buyer behavior assumptions. The normal distribution is a normal curve in the form of a bell-shaped. The curve is symmetric about its mean. If the data set I choose was plotted in a normal distribution the number of downloads of the different authors would not have results that are unevenly dispersed. There is a difference between the average and the middle point in a list. The average is calculated by adding all the numbers and dividing them by the number of entries. This is not considered the middle number in a list, since the middle number is called a median. A median is the number that is in the middle of the list of the numbers that is arranged sequentially in terms of value. In the example given the mode is the median which is the value of 3.7. A real life example is determining how long it takes for me to complete a work set. In this case the average time would be a more valuable metric than the median time since the middle point among the set is not of as much value as knowing how much it typically takes me to complete a job. In order to find the middle point in a set I would write down all the different times it takes to complete the task. Then I would arrange the number from bottom to top. (ex. 2,6,8, etc.). This would create a list. The number in the middle of the list is the median. In making statistical decisions managers have to take into consideration different variables such as size

The Impact of Leadership Styles on the Organisation Performance Abu Dissertation - 1

The Impact of Leadership Styles on the Organisation Performance Abu Dhabi Municipality - Dissertation Example The latter, in turn, also helps the organisation in attaining the desired level of success. Most of the studies conducted in relation to leadership and its effects on the success of the organisation have been conducted in the context of private organisations (Palestini 2009; Gardner, Avolio and Walumbwa 2005). Nevertheless, the importance of leadership is also evident as regards the members of the public sector. The importance of the concept of leadership in the public sector, however, has long been recognized. It has become one of the most important issues that must be addressed as various states have discovered a gap in relation to the manner by which their public sectors function vis-a-vis the needs of their constituents (Morse and Buss 2008; Christensen 2007) . Undoubtedly, different nations all over the world have discovered that there is something missing with the culture by which public sector is based upon and the fulfillment of public interest (Raffel, Leisink and Middlebroo ks 2009; Van Wart 2003). Usually, complaints as regards the lack of dedication to the values of the public service and the manner by which the interests of the people are taken into consideration are the most evident. In this sense, the common recommendation is to turn to a certain kind of leadership to cater to the said gaps as regards public service and the promotion of the citizens’ interest (Bass 2008; Koch and Dixon 2007). Leadership in the public sector is also affected by a number of factors that are not present in the experiences of private organisations (Koch and Dixon 2007; Gill 2006; Morse and Buss 2008). According to researches conducted in relation to the topic at hand, the following are the most common factors and issues that affect leadership in the public sector: (1) increased demands for the provision of solutions in relation to problems commonly experienced in the public sector; (2) the need for personalized services in a sense that it must cater to the need s of the citizens; (3) the importance of balancing the needs of the public, private and voluntary sectors; (4) the need to respond to pressures as regards continuous improvement, innovation and learning; and lastly, (5) coping with institutional architectures that are complicated (Christensen 2007; Koch and Dixon 2007). The concept of leadership is an essential part of the concept of good public governance. To understand the former, governance pertains to the manner by which the agency of the state (the government) institutionalizes the values of their nation as stipulated in the highest law of the land (in most cases, the Constitution) (Bason 2011; Wallis, Dollery and McLoughlin 2007). In view of this, governance then entails the adherence to the following principles: the separation of powers, system of checks and balances, the development of ways by which power is transferred, accountability and transparency. However, to ensure its proper incorporation, it is of paramount importan ce that these values must be embedded into the system and work of each and every public official. Succinctly, leadership is indeed at the core of the concept of good governance (Berman, Bowman and West 2009). The importance of leadership in the public sector has also been underscored in a sense that the leaders are important as the people look up to them for the solution of

MGT499 - Strategic Management Mod 1 Case Assignment Essay

MGT499 - Strategic Management Mod 1 Case Assignment - Essay Example 82% of American households have made at least one purchase at Wal-Mart during an annum. Company’s expansions are very aggressive where there is a new store opening every day. However analyzing the growth and profitability trends over the years, there is a declining trend in terms of same store performance which is currently covered up by the aggressive new outlet openings. This paper aims to assess whether the company’s mission and objectives are well aligned with its stake holder needs that will allow the long term sustaining of the company’s success. Wal-Mart’s mission is â€Å"Saving People Money so They Can Live Better† This is the philosophy of the Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton who stated that â€Å"If we work together, we’ll lower the cost of living for everyone†¦we’ll give the world an opportunity to see what it’s like to save and have a better life.† This is the driving principle of the company’s low cost-low price business model. The company claims that their core principles of 1) respect for the individuals, 2) Service to the customers and 3) Striving for excellence has been the cornerstones of their success as they move forward (Wal-Mart Stores Website 2008). While Wal-Mart has benefited from this business mission of offering every day low prices over the past decade, the trends indicate that the competition has intensified in the market and the competitors have streamlines their own operations, benchmarking against Wal-Mart. They have managed to increase their internal efficiencies and cut back on cost structures, allowing them to bring their prices closer to Wal-Mart but offer more value additions such as greater customer service, better product quality and greater stores ambiance that has increased their appeal to the middle and upper income group strata. While the appeal of the low price offer has kept legions of low income customers loyal to the

Power of Advertising Essay

Power of Advertising Essay Advertising is a form of communication intended to influence an audience to buy or take some action upon products, services or ideals. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. 1.1 Background of Study 1.1.1 The Importance / Power of Advertising Nowadays, many companies are using advertisement to attract customers and it plays an important role during product or services life stages. It is very difficult for a company to promote their new product or services if they do the promotion without a proper. For example, during introduction stage, the company needs to make sure the advertisement is attractive and able to deliver the new ideas to the customers as well as able to move to the second stage, which is the growth stage. The growth of the products or services highly depends on the advertisement. The last stage is the decline stage. It also needs to do more promotion or advertising in order to keep the customers interest on the products or services. If the company fails to do so, then the sales of the products will go down and the company will suffer losses. From this, we can conclude that how important advertisement is and it is the most influencing tool among other marketing tools. Companies can choose different media of advertisement, such as through advertising in newspaper, magazine, online and so on. It is all depend on the cost that the company is able and willing to pay. In the modern advertising strategies, various appeal such as sexual, shock, emotional, fear, and humors are included. These appeals tend to raise high brand awareness and brand recognition among a large audience. However, when using any of these appeals there is always a person included either someone unknown or in most cases a well known person. According to (McCracken, 1989), a well-known person tends to have a greater effect on the consumer buying behavior. 1.1.2 The Celebrity Involve in Advertising The reason for using celebrities as endorsers is due to their huge potential influence. Compared to other endorser types, famous people achieve a higher degree of attention and recall. They increase awareness of a companys advertising, create positive feelings towards brands and are perceived by consumers as more entertaining. Besides, using a celebrity in advertising is more likely to positively affect consumers brand attitudes and purchase intention. The celebrity endorser is a ubiquitous feature of modern marketing. In fact, to use an endorsement by celebrities is not a new phenomenon (Mehulkumar, 2005). For present purpose, the celebrity endorser is defined as any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement. Besides, celebrities have an ability to transfer their image to a specific product that being advertised. Many companies have realized the importance of celebrity endorsement as a marketing communication tool. By using these advertising tools, a company generates a high awareness among a larger audience as well as an increased market share in short run. Besides, the celebrity endorsement may materially improve financial returns for companies that employ them in their advertising campaigns. The importance of celebrity endorsers, however, does not lie in the fact that they are used by firms who wish to increase revenue, but in how these celebrities add value to a company, brand or product. Celebrities add value through the process of meaning transfer. The meaning transfer model suggests that celebrities develop a persona through the types of roles they play in society as well as how they are portrayed in the media. Collectively, the culturally constituted society then assigns meaning to celebrities (Amos, 2008). When celebrities endorse a product, the meaning developed around a particular celebrity will or at least it is hoped for by advertisers transfer to a company, brand, or product. Thus, when a consumer identifies with a celebrity (identification occurs when a person is willing to accept influence from another person) (Kelman, 2006), he/she purchases the product in the hope of claiming some of these transferred meanings for their own lives. 1.2 Research Problem International brands nowadays need advertising promotion because it helps to improve sales, and the content of advertisements mostly focused on endorser. However the culture of advertisement is differing, an endorsed advertisement should not only consider the types and nationality of endorser, but also the celebrity endorser/product fit. The success of an advertisement depends on the selection of an endorser. The endorser must be correctly chosen in order to deliver the right message to the public. For example Anlene in India, whose target audience is adults over 35 (and chiefly women) is being endorsed by dancer Mallika Sarabhai in another ad that uses Bharatanatyam to focus attention on the product. It is impossible to use the young celebrity to endorse the product because the target market is above 35 years old. Choosing the right endorser will increase customers confident towards the products, and at the same time, the sales will be increased as well. Finding a right endorser is quite a difficult task; they may or may not bring benefit to the company. First, celebrity source credibility is one of the factors; it had been divided into many types of credibility such as attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise and so on. Some argument has arisen that it is useless if company based of these celebrity source credibility but some support it. In this kind of situation, which type of endorser appeared to be better? So far there is no certain answer for this question. Second problem that will influence the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement advertisement is endorsers nationality. In fact, some international companies believe that it is more suitable to hire well-known international celebrities such as artists and model as endorsers for advertising purpose, for instance: LV and DKNY. However, some brands think that different country or place has different culture; therefore different endorser should be used. For example Nike will choose their local sport stars such as Michael Jordan as endorsers in America but in Asia countries, they will use Asian sport stars like Nakata Hidetoshi. Next is celebrity endorser/product fit. For reference, NBA star Yao Ming first appeared on a China telecommunication company, China Unicoms CDMA mobile phone advertisements as endorser, some doubted that Yao Ming who staying in United States really used the mentioned mobile before? Can his sporty and fresh image help shape a good brand image for CDMA? Of course, China Unicom only takes Yao Mings fame into consideration and did not analyze the fit of Yao Mings endorsement for CDMA mobile phone. In facts, even Michael Jordan, a famous international superstar is not suitable for every brand. The internal link between brand and brand endorser is determined by brand element. The elements of a brand decide which kind of endorser should be invited, if they do not match, there will be greater damage on the brand. Research Statement: How the celebrity endorsement advertisement is effective method of advertising? What is the impact or effect of celebrity endorsement advertisement towards the customers? What are the most important source effects of celebrity endorsement? What is the influence of endorsers nationality celebrity endorsement effectiveness? What effect does the celebrity endorser/product fit have on celebrity endorsement effectiveness? As conclusion, I would like to solve these problems by giving questionnaires to the customers in hypermarket (Malacca) and compile all the answers to make a clear report. Besides, I also would like to find some journals or articles from internet to prove my statement and eliminate my wrong perception. 1.3 Objective of study To identify the most important source effects of celebrity endorsement advertisement. To identify the influence of endorsers nationality on celebrity endorsement advertisement effectiveness. To investigate the effect celebrity endorser/product fit have on celebrity endorsement advertisement effectiveness. To identify the factors that influencing the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement advertisement. This study brings a lot of advantages because nowadays companies like to use celebrities to market their products. Through this study, companies can learn how to choose a right celebrity as an endorser to gain higher degree of attention. They can do some research by reading this study to get the idea on what are the factors that may influence the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement advertisement. The product profitability is mostly depending on the endorser because customers will get attracted by the endorser first. So, choosing the right celebrity as endorser is the important part to marketing their product. Besides, this study also brings some advantages to customer. This study lets us know that celebrity had the ability to transfer their image to a specific product that is being advertised. Celebrities add value through the process of meaning transfer which is celebrities develop a persona through the types of roles they play in society. Customers will purchases the product in hope of claiming some of these transferred meanings for their own lives. But, some companies had done some mistakes such as using the wrong endorser for their product. It may affect the perception of the customers. Through this study, customer may get smart by knowing which products are using the not appropriate celebrity. They will not claim the transferred meaning blindly. From this study, we know that it is very important because by using the right celebrity as endorser is very important. It may reflect the product development. We also can learn the factors such as source credibility, endorsers nationality, celebrity endorser/product fit may affect the effectiveness of advertisement by using celebrity. This study will give us a basic idea and knowledge if we are interested in marketing products. 1.4 Justification This study is made to discover the influences of source effects, nationality of endorsers and celebrity/product fit towards the celebrity endorsement effectiveness. The purpose for this study is to have better understanding towards endorsers nationality and fit in advertising culture. Source effects of endorser are measured according to three main dimensions of source credibility of endorsers proposed by Ohanian(1991). The effectiveness of the advertisement is highly based on the customers focus. We need to have better understanding towards the product target market in order to choose the right endorser. There is some difficulty in doing this study because there is no current research. The latest author found for this issue is around year 2000. The reason for me to choose this topic is because there are many companies like to use celebrities as an endorser for their product. The current issue is that not every endorser is suitable to become an endorser of a product. We are to find out the factors that may affect the effectiveness of advertisement, not merely using any celebrities although some may not be effective. This is an important issue where it directly affects the product being advertised. 1.5 Methodology This research will be organized into 3 chapters and the outline of each chapter is as follows: Chapter 1 (Introduction)Chapter one is the introduction for this study which tells us about the importance of advertising and the celebrity involve in advertising. A well-known person tends to have a greater influence on the consumer buying behavior but the problem is that not every endorser is suitable to become an endorser of a product. We are to find out the factors that may affect the effectiveness of advertisement, not merely using any celebrities although some may not be effective. This is an important issue where it directly affects the product being advertised. Chapter 2 (Literature Review)Chapter two is the literature review which reviews the past studies that have been done by the researchers related to it. This chapter will explain clearly about the dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable is celebrity endorsement effectiveness while the independent variables are celebrity source credibility, celebrity endorsers nationality and celebrity endorser/product fit. Chapter 3 (Research Mythology)Chapter three is the research methodology which shows the steps taken in conducting the survey such as research, handing out questionnaires, data collection and so on. To ensure the research finding to be more precise and accurate, this study relied on both primary and secondary data. In this study, the descriptive research which is a type of conclusive research that has its major objective or description of something will be used. Definitions: Celebrity: Celebrities are people who enjoy public recognition by a large share of a certain group of people (Christina, 2003). Whereas attributes like attractiveness, extraordinary lifestyle or special skills are just examples and specific common characteristics cannot be observed, it can be said that within a corresponding social group celebrities generally differ from the social norm and enjoy a high degree of public awareness (Wikipedia, 2010). Celebrity Endorsers: McCracken (1989) has defined celebrity endorser as any individual who enjoys public cognition and who uses this cognition on behalf of a consumer by appearing with in an advertisement. Meaning Transfer Model: McCracken (1989) suggested a meaning transfer model that is composed of three subsequent stages. First, the meaning associated with the famous person moves from the endorser to the product or brand. Thus, meanings attributed to the celebrity become associated with the brand in the consumers mind. Finally, in the consumption process, the brands meaning is acquired by the customer. The third stage of the model explicitly shows the importance of the consumers role in the process of endorsing brands with famous persons. Ohanian(1990) established the source credibility model and defined expertise as the extent to which a communicator is perceived to be a source of valid assertions and Trustworthiness as the degree of confidence in the communicators intent to communicate the assertions he considers most valid. Source attractiveness does not refer only to physical attractiveness but also related to three more general concepts: similarity, familiarity, and liking. Negative Celebrity Information Repeated pairings of a brand and celebrity strengthen the associative link consumers establish between brand and celebrity, negative information about the celebrity may negatively impact the endorsed brand (Erdogan, Baker, Tagg, 2001) 1.6 Delimitation of Scope This study contains few current journals or study. The current author had found is around year 2000. So, it is quite hard to find the journals later than year 2005. This researchs scope will focus on shoppers in Malacca who had exposed to advertisements and act as decision maker during shopping. These shoppers were mostly approached at hypermarkets or malls in Malacca.

Watergate: Was The Nixon White House Involved? :: essays research papers

Watergate: Was The Nixon White House Involved? What was Watergate? "Watergate" is a term used to describe a complex web of political scandals occurring between 1972 and 1974. On January 20, 1969, Richard M. Nixon had become the thirty-seventh president of the United States. As Nixon entered the White House, he was â€Å"full of bitterness and anger about past defeats, and about years of perceived slights from others in the political establishment.† Nixon, a Republican, once stated that, â€Å"Washington is a city run primarily by Democrats and liberals, dominated by like-minded newspapers and other media.† Nixon's obligation to control his political destiny and to forestall the damaging of his agenda by incumbents urged him toward the development of what was, in effect, a â€Å"secret government† (Gettlin and Colodny 6). The word, â€Å"Watergate†, refers to the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. In addition to the hotel, the Watergate complex houses many business offices. It was here that the offices of the Democratic National Committee were burglarizedon June 17, 1972. Five individuals were arrested at the Watergate complex after the burglary. Charges were also pressed on G. George Liddy and E. Howard Hunt ; the â€Å"Watergate Seven† were sentenced by Judge John Sirica. Although Nixon was worried about the break-in, he advised the White House press secretary, Ron Ziegler, to dismiss the incident as â€Å"a third-rate burglary† (Cannon 107). In the years ensuing the invasion at the Watergate building, questions and controversy have surfaced consequent to whether or not the White House, under the control of President Nixon, was either directly or discursively involved in the planning and/or performing of any illegal deeds. As the Watergate scandal unfolded, the Nixon administration was quick to mitigate the responsibility for the occurrences, however, in actuality, numerous facts and particulars ascertain White House involvement and justify the repercussions. The arrests of the "Watergate Seven" eventually uncovered a â€Å"White House-sponsored plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity that led to many of the highest officials in the land† (Jacobs, â€Å" Watergate†). These high political executives included former United States Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, and President Nixon himself. Evidence corroborating White House involvement was ample and immense. On April 30, 1973, close to a year after the burglary and subsequent to a grand jury investigation of the break-in, President Nixon affirmed the resignation of H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman and announced the dismissal of John Dean; United States Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as well. The resignations and dismissal were all results

Marketing & Advertising Essay

Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life.[1] Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticatedspecies created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture generally speaking refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.[2][3] The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultÃ… «ra, from ager, â€Å"a field†,[4] and cultÃ… «ra, â€Å"cultivation† in the strict sense of â€Å"tillage of the soil†.[5] Thus, a literal reading of the word yields â€Å"tillage of fields†. In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders. It is a debt security, under which the issuer owes the holders a debt and, depending on the terms of the bond, is obliged to pay them interest (the coupon) and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed the maturity.[1]Interest is usually payable at fixed intervals (semiannual, annual, sometimes monthly). Very often the bond is negotiable, i.e. the ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market.[2] Capitalism is an economic system that is based on the private ownership of capital goods, or the means of production, and the creation of goods and services for profit.[1][2] [3] Elements central to Capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, and a price system.[4] Commerce is the whole system of an economy that constitutes an environment for business. The system includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural, and technological systems that are in operation in any country. Thus, commerce is a system or an environment that affects the business prospects of an economy or a nation-state.It can also be defined as a component of business which includes all activities, functions and institutions involved in transferring goods from producers to consumer. Competition in biology, ecology, and sociology, is a contest between organisms, animals, individuals, groups, etc., for territory, a niche, or a location of resources, for resources and goods, for prestige, recognition, awards, mates, or group or social status, for leadership; it is the opposite of cooperation.[1][2] It arises whenever at least two parties strive for a goal which cannot be shared or which is desired individually but not in sharing and cooperation. Competition occurs naturally between living organisms which co-exist in the sameenvironment.[3] For example, animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources. Humans compete usually for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, prestige, and fame. Competition is also a major tenet in market economy and business is often associated with competition as most companies are in competition with at least one other firm over the same group of customers, and also competition inside a company is usually stimulated for meeting and reaching higher quality of services or products that the company produce or develop. A competition or trade promotion lottery, is also the equivalent of sweepstakes in some countries. consumer An individual who buys products or services for personal use and not for manufacture or resale. A consumer is someone who can make the decision whether or not to purchase an item at the store, and someone who can be influenced by marketing and advertisements. Any time someone goes to a store and purchases a toy, shirt, beverage, or anything else, they are making that decision as a consumer. Credit (from Latin credo transl. â€Å"I believe† ) is the trust which allows one party to provide resources to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but instead arranges either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date. The resources provided may be financial (e.g. granting a loan), or they may consist of goods or services (e.g. consumer credit). Credit encompasses any form of deferred payment.[1] Credit is extended by a creditor, also known as a lender, to a debtor, also known as a borrower. A currency (from Middle English curraunt, meaning in circulation) in the most specific use of the word refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation, as a medium of exchange, especially circulating paper money. This use is synonymous with banknotes, or (sometimes) with banknotes plus coins, meaning the physical tokens used for money by a government.[1][2] deposit 1. Funds placed into an account at a depository institution to increase the credit balance of the account. 2. Down payment given in advance to support the intention to complete a commercial transaction. Depression is not caused by a virus like a cold or the mumps. There is no blood test that declares the presence of depression. There are many theories on the causation of depression but unfortunately none have been conclusively validated. distribution In marketing, distribution is the process of moving a product from its manufacturing source to its customers. In computer software, distribution is the phase that follows packaging. The package will be on some distribution medium, such as compact disc, or may be simply located on a server where customers can download it electronically. dividend A taxable payment declared by a company’s board of directors and given to its shareholders out of the company’s current or retained earnings, usually quarterly. Dividends are usually given as cash (cash dividend), but they can also take the form of stock (stock dividend) or other property. Dividends provide an incentive to own stock in stable companies even if they are not experiencing much growth. Companies are not required to pay dividends. The companies that offer dividends are most often companies that have progressed beyond the growth phase, and no longer benefit sufficiently by reinvesting their profits, so they usually choose to pay them out to their shareholders. also called payout. Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from theAncient Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ °ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (oikonomia, â€Å"management of a household, administration†) from ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (oikos, â€Å"house†) + ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (nomos, â€Å"custom† or â€Å"law†), hence â€Å"rules of the house(hold)†.[1] Political economy was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested â€Å"economics† as a shorter term for â€Å"economic science† that also avoided a narrow political-interest connotation and as similar in form to â€Å"mathematics†, â€Å"ethics†, and so forth This term export is derived from the conceptual meaning as to ship the goods and services out of the port of a country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an â€Å"exporter† who is based in the country of export whereas the overseas based buyer is referred to as an â€Å"importer†. In International Trade, â€Å"exports† refers to selling goods and services produced in the home country to other markets The term import is derived from the conceptual meaning as the goods and services into the port of a country. The buyer of such goods and services is referred to an â€Å"importer† who is based in the country of import where the overseas based seller is referred to as an â€Å"exporter†. [1] Thus an import is any good(e.g. a commodity) or service brought in from one country to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. It is a good that is brought in from another country for sale.[2] Imported goods or services are provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving country is an export to the sending country Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified timeframe, that is generally expressed in monetary terms [1] However, for households and individuals, â€Å"income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests payments, rents and other forms of earnings received†¦ in a given period of time. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.[1] When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.[2][3] A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time Interdependence is a relationship in which each member is mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependence relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not. Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning â€Å"large† and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] Withmicroeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics.